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Ä«¸á·¹¿Â ÇǺλöÀÇ ºü¸¥ º¯È­´Â ¸öÀ» ÁÖº¯È¯°æ°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ »öÀ¸·Î À§ÀåÇØ ÃµÀûÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¶§»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¦Áþ±â ±¸¾ÖÈ°µ¿ µî¿¡¼­µµ ÀÚÁÖ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö¸¸ ±× ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀº Á¤È®È÷ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøÀº ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ Ä«¸á·¹¿ÂÀÇ ÇǺο¡´Â ºûÀ» ¹Ý»çÇÏ´Â ÃþÀÌ 2°³ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Ä«¸á·¹¿ÂÀÌ ÇǺθ¦ ´ç±â°Å³ª ´À½¼ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹Ù±ùÃþÀÎ È«»ö¼ÒÆ÷(iridophore)¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ª³ë°áÁ¤ÀÇ °ÝÀÚ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¹Ù²ã ÇǺλöÀ» º¯È­½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. ÇǺμ¼Æ÷ ¼¼Æ÷Áú¿¡ ÀÖ´Â È«»ö¼ÒÆ÷¿¡ ³ª³ë°áÁ¤ÀÌ ¹è¿­µÅ Àִµ¥ ÇǺο¡ ÈûÀÌ °¡ÇØÁú ¶§ ÀÌ ³ª³ë°áÁ¤ÀÇ °ÝÀÚ±¸Á¶°¡ º¯Çϸ鼭 ƯÁ¤ ÆÄÀåÀÇ ºû¸¸ ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý»ç, È­·ÁÇÑ ÇǺΠ»ö±ò º¯È­·Î ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  
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Structural coloration was first observed by English scientists Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton,

The most brilliant blue coloration known in any living tissue is found in the marble berries of Pollia condensata, where a spiral structure of cellulose fibrils produces Bragg's law scattering of light.

Structural coloration is responsible for the blues and greens of the feathers of many birds (the bee-eater, kingfisher and roller, for example), as well as many butterfly wings and beetle wing-cases (elytra).[8] These are often iridescent, as in peacock feathers and nacreous shells such as of pearl oysters (Pteriidae) and Nautilus.

A diffraction grating constructed of layers of chitin and air gives rise to the iridescent colours of various butterfly wing scales as well as to the tail feathers of birds such as the peacock. Hooke and Newton were correct in their claim that the peacock's colours are created by interference, but the structures responsible, being close to the wavelength of light in scale (see micrographs), were smaller than the striated structures they could see with their light microscopes. Another way to produce a diffraction grating is with tree-shaped arrays of chitin, as in the wing scales of some of the brilliantly coloured tropical Morpho butterflies (see drawing). Yet another variant exists in Parotia lawesii, Lawes's parotia, a bird of paradise. The barbules of the feathers of its brightly coloured breast patch are V-shaped, creating thin-film microstructures that strongly reflect two different colours, bright blue-green and orange-yellow. When the bird moves the colour switches sharply between these two colours, rather than drifting iridescently. During courtship, the male bird systematically makes small movements to attract females, so the structures must have evolved through sexual selection.[8][12]

Photonic crystals can be formed in different ways.[13] In Parides sesostris, the emerald-patched cattleheart butterfly,[14] photonic crystals are formed of arrays of nano-sized holes in the chitin of the wing scales. The holes have a diameter of about 150 nanometres and are about the same distance apart. The holes are arranged regularly in small patches; neighbouring patches contain arrays with differing orientations. The result is that these emerald-patched cattleheart scales reflect green light evenly at different angles instead of being iridescent.[8][15] In Lamprocyphus augustus, a weevil from Brazil, the chitin exoskeleton is covered in iridescent green oval scales. These contain diamond-based crystal lattices oriented in all directions to give a brilliant green coloration that hardly varies with angle. The scales are effectively divided into pixels about a ¥ìmetre wide. Each such pixel is a single crystal and reflects light in a direction different from its neighbours.[16][17]

Structural coloration through selective mirrors in the emerald swallowtail
Selective mirrors to create interference effects are formed of micron-sized bowl-shaped pits lined with multiple layers of chitin in the wing scales of Papilio palinurus, the emerald swallowtail butterfly. These act as highly selective mirrors for two wavelengths of light. Yellow light is reflected directly from the centres of the pits; blue light is reflected twice by the sides of the pits. The combination appears green, but can be seen as an array of yellow spots surrounded by blue circles under a microscope.[8]

Crystal fibres, formed of hexagonal arrays of hollow nanofibres, create the bright iridescent colours of the bristles of Aphrodita, the sea mouse, a non-wormlike genus of marine annelids.[8] The colours are aposematic, warning predators not to attack.[18] The chitin walls of the hollow bristles form a hexagonal honeycomb-shaped photonic crystal; the hexagonal holes are 0.51 ¥ìmetre apart. The structure behaves optically as if it consisted of a stack of 88 diffraction gratings, making Aphrodita one of the most iridescent of marine organisms.[19]

Magnificent non-iridescent colours of blue-and-yellow macaw created by random nanochannels
Deformed matrices, consisting of randomly oriented nanochannels in a spongelike keratin matrix, create the diffuse non-iridescent blue colour of Ara ararauna, the blue-and-yellow macaw. Since the reflections are not all arranged in the same direction, the colours, while still magnificent, do not vary much with angle, so they are not iridescent.[8][20]

The most intense blue known: Pollia condensata berries
Spiral coils, formed of helicoidally stacked cellulose microfibrils, create Bragg reflection in the "marble berries" of the African herb Pollia condensata, resulting in the most intense blue coloration known in nature.[21] The berry's surface has four layers of cells with thick walls, containing spirals of transparent cellulose spaced so as to allow constructive interference with blue light. Below these cells is a layer two or three cells thick containing dark brown tannins. Pollia produces a stronger colour than the wings of Morpho butterflies, and is one of the first instances of structural coloration known from any plant. Each cell has its own thickness of stacked fibres, making it reflect a different colour from its neighbours, and producing a pixellated or pointillist effect with different blues speckled with brilliant green, purple and red dots. The fibres in any one cell are either left-handed or right-handed, so each cell circularly polarizes the light it reflects in one direction or the other. Pollia is the first organism known to show such random polarization of light, which, nevertheless does not have a visual function, as the seed-eating birds that visit this plant species are not able to perceive polarised light.[22] Spiral microstructures are also found in scarab beetles where they produce iridescent colours.

Surface gratings, consisting on ordered surface features due exposure of ordered muscle cells on cuts of meat. The structural coloration on meat cuts appears only after the ordered pattern of muscle fibrils is exposed and light is diffracted by the proteins in the fibrils. The coloration or wavelength of the diffracted light depends on the angle of observation and can be enhanced by covering the meat with translucent foils. Roughening the surface or removing water content by drying causes the structure to collapse, thus, the structural coloration to disappear.[23]

Variable structures[edit]

Variable ring patterns on mantles of Hapalochlaena lunulata
Some animals including cephalopods like squid are able to vary their colours rapidly for both camouflage and signalling. The mechanisms include reversible proteins which can be switched between two configurations. The configuration of reflectin proteins in chromatophore cells in the skin of the Loligo pealeii squid is controlled by electric charge. When charge is absent, the proteins stack together tightly, forming a thin, more reflective layer; when charge is present, the molecules stack more loosely, forming a thicker layer. Since chromatophores contain multiple reflectin layers, the switch changes the layer spacing and hence the colour of light that is reflected.[8]

Blue-ringed octopuses spend much of their time hiding in crevices whilst displaying effective camouflage patterns with their dermal chromatophore cells. If they are provoked, they quickly change colour, becoming bright yellow with each of the 50-60 rings flashing bright iridescent blue within a third of a second. In the greater blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata), the rings contain multi-layer iridophores. These are arranged to reflect blue–green light in a wide viewing direction. The fast flashes of the blue rings are achieved using muscles under neural control. Under normal circumstances, each ring is hidden by contraction of muscles above the iridophores. When these relax and muscles outside the ring contract, the bright blue rings are exposed.[24]

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