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Opioid :
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Enkephalin
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GPCR
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GPCR ºÐ·ù,
CPCR ¿ªÇÒ
- Endogenous opioid peptides, produced naturally in the body,
such as endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, and endomorphins.
- Natural opiates:
alkaloids contained in the resin of the opium poppy, primarily morphine, codeine, and thebaine
The leaves from Mitragyna speciosa (also known as kratom) contain a few naturally-occurring opioids, active via Mu- and Delta receptors
Salvinorin A, found naturally in the Salvia divinorum plant, is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist.
- Esters of morphine opiates: diacetylmorphine (morphine diacetate; heroin), nicomorphine (morphine dinicotinate), dipropanoylmorphine (morphine dipropionate), desomorphine, acetylpropionylmorphine, dibenzoylmorphine, diacetyldihydromorphine;
- Semi-synthetic opioids: created from either the natural opiates or morphine esters, such as hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, ethylmorphine and buprenorphine;
- Fully synthetic opioids: such as fentanyl, pethidine, levorphanol, methadone, tramadol, tapentadol, and dextropropoxyphene;
Adverse effects of opioids Common and short term
- Itch, Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation, Drowsiness, Dry mouth
- Cognitive effects, Opioid dependence
Dizziness
Decreased sex drive
Impaired sexual function
Decreased testosterone levels
Depression
Immunodeficiency
Increased pain sensitivity
Irregular menstruation
Increased risk of falls
Slowed breathing
Coma