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Leptin is a peptide hormone primarily synthesized and secreted by adipocytes of white fat [1]. It is also expressed in secondary sites including stomach, placenta and skeletal muscle [1,2]. Leptin activates various pathways through leptin receptor encoded by the LEPR gene [3]. Leptin receptor(LEPR), also called OB receptor (OBR), is a member of gp130 family of cytokine receptors [4]. LEPR is expressed in many tissues including the hypothalamus of the brain, adipose tissue, heart, placenta, lung and liver [1,4-6]. Six isoforms of LEPR-LEPRa, LEPRb, LEPRc, LEPRd, LEPRe and LEPRf have been reported [7,8]. LEPRb is the longest leptin receptor and is described in most of the signal transduction studies [9,10]. LEPRe is the secretory isoform and is known to control circulating leptin levels [11]. Role of LEPRa, LEPRc, LEPRd and LEPRf in leptin signaling is not clear [8]. Leptin associates with its receptor in 1:1 stoichiometry and forms a tetrameric receptor/ ligand complex [3,12]. LEPRb forms homodimer and can also form heterodimer with LEPRa and LEPRc [13,14]. Homodimer of LEPRb is found to be essential to transduce leptin dependent signaling [14,15]. Besides, it is also reported that heterodimers of LEPRa and LEPRb is reported to lack signaling capacity [14]. LEPRb does not have intrinsic kinase activity. Therefore, it mediates multiple signaling pathways through cytoplasmic kinases including Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) [16].

Leptin was detected in various regions of the brain including hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum [17]. It was found to be transported to these areas of the brain across the blood brain barrier [18]. Impairment in this transport of leptin across blood brain barrier is considered to be one of the factors that contribute to leptin resistance and thus obesity [19]. Leptin plays a major role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function [20,21]. High serum leptin levels are mainly associated with obesity. Leptin concentration is higher in obese individuals. Obesity is rather related to leptin tolerance or resistance but not due to leptin deficiency [22,23].

Leptin is also known to regulate reproduction, bone homeostasis and immune signaling [24,25]. In humans, females have twice the amount of circulating leptin than that of males [26]. A certain level of circulating leptin has implication in the maintenance of menstrual cycles and normal reproductive function [27]. Serum leptin levels determine the onset of puberty and also vary during pregnancy [28,29]. Excess levels of leptin, defective leptin signaling and leptin resistance are associated with abnormal reproductive function [30]. Previously, studies have shown that mice without a functional LEPR were obese and infertile [31,32]. Impaired leptin signaling in these obese mice had poor outcome in embryo implantation [33]. Leptin also stimulates bone growth and acts as a suppressor of bone resorption [34,35]. Being a proinflammatory cytokine, leptin also plays an important role both in innate and adaptive immunity [36]. Elevated levels of leptin in serum are associated with several autoimmune diseases including encephalomyelitis and rheumatoid arthritis [37,38] and in several chronic inflammatory conditions such as nonalcoholic hepatitis and Behcet¡¯s disease [39,40]. Further, involvement of leptin in angiogenesis and proliferation of hematopoietic cells has been reported [41-43]. Ishikawa and coworkers have shown that leptin and its receptor are overexpressed in gastric carcinoma [44]. Leptin stimulation has been shown to induce progression of estrogen dependent breast cancer cells and to promote cell proliferation of human acute myelogenous leukemia cells [45].

Leptin has been implicated in various physiological functions. From a biomedical point of view, perhaps it is one of the most important proteins. However, the signaling pathway reactions triggered by LEPLEPR interaction have not been cataloged in public signaling pathway resources. Therefore, we sought to create a comprehensive map of the leptin signaling pathway, which would serve as a reference for leptin signaling. Our approach to develop leptin pathway map include manual annotation of individual biochemical reactions induced by leptin. We have classified these molecular reactions into protein-protein interactions (PPIs), enzyme-substrate reactions, activation/inhibition and protein translocation events. In addition, we have also cataloged genes, which are differentially regulated by leptin signaling. Besides, transcriptional regulators of these genes were also documented.