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1. ºÒÆ÷È­Áö¹æ»êÀÌ »ê¼Ò¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »êÈ­µÇ¸é LOOH, LOO․, LO․ÀÌ »ý¼º - ºñŸ¹Î E¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼Ò°Å.
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4. ¹ÌÅäÄܵ帮¾ÆÀÇ ÀüÀÚÀü´Þ°è¿¡¼­ - SOD°¡ ¼Ò°Å.
5. ÀûÇ÷±¸°¡ »ê¼Ò¸¦ ¿î¹ÝÇÒ ¶§ - ÁÖ·Î glutathione peroxidase°¡ ¼Ò°Å.
6. ProstaglandinÀÌ ÇÕ¼ºµÉ ¶§ - SOD°¡ ¼Ò°Å.
7. ¹æ»ç¼±(radiation)Á¶»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ OH(hydroxy radical)°¡ »ý¼º - ºñŸ¹ÎE, dimethylsulfoxide µî
8. °ú»êÈ­¼ö¼Ò – glutathione peroxidase¿Í catalase°¡ ¼Ò°Å.

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Venturi and Venturi[23][24] suggested that the antioxidant action of ascorbic acid developed first in the plant kingdom when, about 500 million years ago (Mya), plants began to adapt to antioxidant-mineral-deficient fresh-waters of estuaries. Some biologists suggested that many vertebrates had developed their metabolic adaptive strategies in estuary environment.[25] In this theory, some 400-300 Mya, when living plants and animals first began the move from the sea to rivers and land, environmental iodine deficiency was a challenge to the evolution of terrestrial life.[26] In plants, animals and fishes, the terrestrial diet became deficient in many essential antioxidant marine micronutrients, including iodine, selenium, zinc, copper, manganese, iron, etc. Freshwater algae and terrestrial plants, in replacement of marine antioxidants, slowly optimized the production of other endogenous antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, polyphenols, carotenoids, tocopherols etc., some of which became essential ¡°vitamins¡± in the diet of terrestrial animals (vitamins C, A, E, etc.).

Some scientists have suggested that loss of the vitamin C biosynthesis pathway may have played a role in the sequence of rapid evolutionary changes that led to hominids and the emergence of human beings.[28][29][30] However, the loss of ability to make vitamin C in simians must have occurred much farther back in evolutionary history than the emergence of humans or even apes, since it evidently occurred rather soon after the appearance of the first primates, yet sometime after the split of early primates into its two major suborders haplorrhini (which cannot make vitamin C) and its sister suborder of non-tarsier prosimians, the strepsirrhini ("wet-nosed" primates), which retained the ability to make vitamin C.[31] According to molecular clock dating, these two suborder primate branches parted ways about 63 to 60 Mya[32] Approximately three to five million years later (58 Mya), only a short time afterward from an evolutionary perspective, the infraorder Tarsiiformes, whose only remaining family is that of the tarsier (Tarsiidae), branched off from the other haplorrhines.[33][34] Since tarsiers also cannot make vitamin C, this implies the mutation had already occurred, and thus must have occurred between these two marker points (63 to 58 Mya).

It has been noted that the loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbate strikingly parallels the evolutionary loss of the ability to break down uric acid, also a characteristic of primates. Uric acid and ascorbate are both strong reducing agents. This has led to the suggestion that, in higher primates, uric acid has taken over some of the functions of ascorbate.[35]








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